
-   miR-208b: Porcine miR-208b SNP differentially represses the expression of SOX-6 by regulating miRNA biogenesis, thereby affecting the expression of MYH7 and the traits of muscle fibre characteristics and meat quality [PMID: 25530254].
-   PK-C and Ca2+: The up-regulation of betaMHC expression has been shown to be controlled by activation of the PK-C signaling pathway and elevation of intracellular Ca2+. Elevated Ca2+ levels activate a calcium-dependent phospahatase, calcineurin, which dephosphorylates the transcription factor NFAT3 and thus enables it to translocate to the nucleus. Within the nucleus, NFAT3 binds to GATA4 and activates a discrete set of genes of the fetal gene program, which includes activation of beta-MHC [PMID: 9568714].
-   Gata4: Gata4 is required for maintenance of postnatal cardiac function and protection from pressure overload-induced heart failure through induction in the up-regulation of betaMHC expression [PMID: 16983087].
-   TEF-1: Rat betaMHC promoter contains four TEF1 binding MCATs sites, which are required for basal and alpha1-adrenergic-induced activity of minimal rat betaMHC promoters in cardiac myocytes [PMID: 12738228]. Alpha1-adrenergic receptor stimulation induces cardiac myocytes to hypertrophy and reactivates beta-myosin heavy chain (betaMyHC), by signaling through myocyte-specific CAT (M-CAT) cis elements, binding sites of the transcriptional enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) family of transcription factors [PMID: 9670917].
