
-   CLU mRNA expression was significantly increased in clear renal cell carcinoma (CRCC), and the expression of CLU was strongly correlated in patients with metastatic disease [PMID: 24008723].
-   Bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profiles from patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and normal renal samples indicated that 7 complement cascade-related hub genes and the clinical characteristics of DN showed that C1QA, C1QB, C3, CFB, ITGB2, VSIG4, and CLU may participate in the development of DN [PMID: 34124269].
-   Children with beta-thalassemia major (beta-TM) suffer from tubular dysfunction even before the onset of any renal impairment symptoms and/or clinical signs. Urinary CLU concentrations and CLU mRNA relative expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were significantly increased in beta-TM children relative to controls. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers revealed significant elevation in beta-TM children compared to controls [PMID: 33715293].
-   In human kidney biopsies from patients with Inflammatory liver diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and ALD/HCV, each liver disease showed renal pathology with at least 50% interstitial nephritis, 50% interstitial fibrosis, and renal dysfunction. Transcriptomic analysis identified increased CLU gene and protein expression changes in a conserved direction in response to liver disease [PMID: 35789393].
-   Cluster mRNA expression was markedly induced in the kidneys of nephrotic rats after treatment with puromycin aminonucleoside. The results suggested that the appearance of clusterin precedes the development of tubulointerstitial disease and may be a response to the proteinuria [PMID: 9440084].
-   Gene expression of Kim-1, Clu, Spp1, A2m, Lcn2, Tcfrsf12a, Gpnmb, and CD44 were significantly up-regulated in a rat melamine-induced kidney injury model part of a 5-day oral toxicity study [PMID: 23052191].
-   In a rodent model of unilateral non-infarctive renal atrophy, Clusterin mRNA was localized in dilated or collapsed atrophic tubules that had lost identifying surface structures of normal tubular epithelium. There was evidence of a temporal association between increased clusterin expression and apoptosis, but in situ localization showed clusterin mRNA over apparently viable, as well as apoptotic, cells in the epithelium of tubules showing clusterin expression [PMID: 7723230].
-   Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) was induced in kidneys of wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J (B6) vs. Clu knockout (KO) B6 mice by clamping the renal pedicles. Following IRI, renal tubular damage and Clu expression in WT kidneys were increased but diminished by day 7. In contrast, tubular damage in Clu KO kidneys steadily increased from initiation of insult to the end of the experiment, when renal failure occurred. Additional in vitro experiments suggested that that Clu is required for renal tissue regeneration in the kidney repair phase after IRI, which is associated with promotion of tubular cell proliferation [PMID: 24477687].
