
-   The expression of CTSK in the osteoclastogenesis-supporting cells, including dental pulp stem cells, gingival fibroblasts, and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) was significantly elevated by treatment with inflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha and IL-1beta [PMID: 33445732].
-   Pathological conditions can disrupt the balance between bone resorption and formation. CTSK plays a crucial role in bone resorption, and in situations where bone resorption exceeds bone formation, such as in osteoporosis, CTSK expression could be induced [PMID: 28651365].
-   The activity of cathepsin K is modulated by several factors: RANKL, NFAT, and microphthalmia transcription factor (MiTF) enhance cathepsin K expression, and therefore osteoclast formation and bone resorption. On the other hand, interferon (IFN)-gamma, estradiol, calcitonin, and calcium reduce it [PMID: 32582709].
