
-   Real-time PCR analysis revealed significant increases of S100 calcium-binding protein A4 (S100A4) after stem cell factor (SCF) plus granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) administration in small murine cholangiocyte cultures (SMCCs) [PMID: 21932404].
-   S100A4 mRNA levels were found to be higher in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) tissues. High levels of S100A4 mRNA were significantly associated with CCA metastasis. TNF-alpha induced CCA cell migration by the induction of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) resulting in S100A4 mRNA and protein activation [PMID: 24867797].
-   Liver S100A4 relative mRNA expression was significantly elevated in the fibrotic livers compared to healthy livers making it a good marker for liver fibrogenesis [PMID: 26721462].
