
-   p53 or its derived peptide (p53pep170) is an important regulator of CCL2 gene expression via its binding activity to CCL2 5'UTR in the region [PMID: 22804246].
-   Human MCP-1 expression is controlled by at least two distinct regulatory elements: a kappa B site and a GC box that seem to be associated with stimulus-specific and tissue-specific regulation, respectively. The first element is a remote kappa B binding site located far upstream and is important for IL-1 beta-, TNF-alpha-, and 2-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced enhancer activity. The second element is a GC box that is important for the maintenance of basal transcriptional activity, possibly controlled by Sp1 [PMID: 8051410].
-   The increased binding of transcription factors to NF-kappaB and AP-1 elements in the CCL2 promoter is responsible for the active transcription expression of CCL2 in the context of pulmonary fibrosis [PMID: 23583295].
-   S100A14 as an upstream regulator of CCL2/CXCL5 signaling and acts as a metastatic driver of breast cancer by increasing the expression and secretion of CCL2/CXCL5 via RAGE-NF-kappaB pathway [PMID: 32483412].
